A programmable robot executes instructions laid out in code. Here's how it typically works:

Programming – You code in a language the robot speaks (like Python, C++, Scratch). The code instructs the robot what to do — move, sense, react, etc.

Uploading Instructions – The code is uploaded to the robot's brain (microcontroller or computer) over USB, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, etc.

Sensing – Sensors on the robot gather data about the world (light, distance, sound, temperature, etc.).

Processing – The robot's controller reads sensor information and makes decisions based on program rules.

Acting – The robot's actuators (motors, servos, LEDs, speakers) take action — make wheels move, raise arms, change colors of lights, etc.

Feedback Loop – If it's an intelligent robot, it employs sensor feedback to modify behavior in real time (closed-loop control).

A programmable robot consists of a number of important parts that collaborate to carry out tasks. At its center is the controller, usually referred to as the brain, that executes the code and computes data — typical examples include Arduino, Raspberry Pi, or ESP32 boards. In order to energize all its components, the robot takes a power supply in the form of a battery pack or a USB power bank. It has sensors in the form of ultrasonic sensors, infrared (IR) sensors, or cameras for sensing changes in the surroundings, and actuators such as DC motors, servo motors, or stepper motors for performing physical operations. The frame or chassis offers the framework, be it plastic, metal, or 3D-printed, holding everything together. Modules of communication such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, or RF enable the robot to be operated remotely or to communicate with other devices. Lastly, a software platform such as Arduino IDE, Python, or Blockly is where programs are written and uploaded to animate the robot.