In the world of yoga philosophy and ancient Indian thought, the exploration of human suffering and liberation has always held a central role. One key concept that addresses the root causes of mental and emotional suffering is Pancha Klesha — a Sanskrit term that translates to the “five afflictions” or “five obstacles.” If you're wondering what is Pancha Klesha, you're about to delve into one of the most profound aspects of Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras.

What is Pancha Klesha?

Pancha Klesha (पञ्च क्लेश) refers to the five mental afflictions or obstacles that cloud the mind and prevent individuals from realizing their true self. These are not physical blocks but deeply rooted psychological patterns that drive human suffering. According to Sage Patanjali, who compiled the foundational text of yoga — the Yoga Sutras, these five afflictions are the root causes of all suffering (duhkha) and bondage in the cycle of life.

To answer the question what is Pancha Klesha in its most direct sense: it is a system that categorizes five root causes of human suffering that every practitioner must understand and overcome on the path to self-realization and enlightenment.

Let’s explore each of the five afflictions:

1. Avidya (Ignorance or Misperception)

Avidya is the foundational Klesha. It represents a fundamental ignorance or misperception of reality. It is not merely the lack of information but rather a misunderstanding of the nature of self, others, and the world. For example, identifying oneself solely with the body or mind instead of the unchanging inner self (Atman) is a form of avidya.

“Avidya is the field for the other kleshas, whether they are dormant, attenuated, interrupted, or active.” – Yoga Sutra 2.4

2. Asmita (Egoism or False Identification)

Asmita arises when one identifies with the ego rather than the true self. It is the "I-maker" that attaches itself to our thoughts, roles, and possessions. When we say “I am a teacher,” “I am rich,” or “I am beautiful,” we are engaging in asmita — clinging to labels and identities that are impermanent.

3. Raga (Attachment or Desire)

Raga is an excessive attachment to pleasurable experiences or things. It comes from a belief that happiness lies in external objects, which causes craving and, eventually, suffering when those objects are lost or not attained. This Klesha keeps us constantly chasing after fleeting pleasures.

4. Dvesha (Aversion or Hatred)

Dvesha is the flip side of Raga — it is the repulsion toward pain, discomfort, or unpleasant experiences. It often manifests as anger, resentment, or fear, driving us to avoid things that disturb our sense of comfort or identity. It, too, binds us in a cycle of reactivity and suffering.

5. Abhinivesha (Fear of Death or Clinging to Life)

This is the most subtle yet most deeply ingrained Klesha. Abhinivesha is the instinctive clinging to life and the fear of death or annihilation. Even wise individuals are affected by it. It’s the root of anxiety and existential fear — a primal fear that prevents inner peace.

The Role of Pancha Klesha in Yoga and Meditation

Understanding what is Pancha Klesha is not just an intellectual exercise — it is a transformative process. In yogic practice, the primary goal is Chitta Vritti Nirodha — the cessation of the fluctuations of the mind. The Pancha Kleshas are seen as the primary forces that keep the mind disturbed and distracted.

Through practices like asana (physical postures), pranayama (breath control), dhyana (meditation), and svadhyaya (self-study), a practitioner gradually becomes aware of these afflictions and begins to dissolve their power.

Practical Examples of Pancha Klesha in Everyday Life

• Feeling jealous of someone’s success? That’s Raga and Asmita at play.

• Avoiding a difficult conversation out of fear? That’s Dvesha.

• Feeling anxious about aging or death? That’s Abhinivesha.

• Thinking your self-worth depends on your job title? Classic Asmita.

• Believing permanent happiness comes from money or relationships? That’s Avidya.

The more we become aware of these patterns, the more we create space between stimulus and reaction, leading to greater freedom.

Conclusion: The Path Beyond the Kleshas

To truly evolve on the spiritual path, one must go beyond the Pancha Kleshas. That journey begins with awareness. Yoga offers tools not just for physical flexibility but for mental clarity and spiritual liberation. The more we study and reflect on what is Pancha Klesha, the more we begin to understand the root causes of our suffering — and more importantly, how to transcend them.

By confronting these five afflictions with courage and compassion, we inch closer to the ultimate goal of yoga: Kaivalya — absolute freedom